THE PENNY RED

The Three Basic Types of the Penny Red

Imperf. 2 Corner Letters		Perforated. 2 Corner Letters		Perforated. 4 corner letters

SUBJECT / LINK	DESCRIPTION
The Master Dies	Two master dies were used for laying out all Penny Red plates.
Laying out the plate	The use of a transfer roller to transfer the single-image master die to plates of 240 impressions.
Corner Letters	The role of the corner letters and their flaws.
Marginal Markings	Markings added around sides of the plate.
Watermarks	Several different watermarks were used, though even here errors occured.
Perforation	The introduction of perforated stamps.
Plate Wear and Repair	Plates naturally wore with use, some plates more than others, and were often repaired.
Cancellations	A brief 8-page introduction to the fantastic variety of cancellations that can be found.
Used Abroad	The Penny Red used abroad, from the Crimea War through to the Cyprus overprints.
Security Endorsements	The three methods used by firms to protect their stocks of postage stamps.
Frank Ives Scudamore	A handstamp used by this Cheif Examiner
The Successor	The Penny Red's eventual replacement.

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